PDA (Pentadeca Arginate) is a stabilized form of the peptide previously known as BPC-157 (Body Protective Compound-157). It contains the same 15-amino-acid sequence found in human gastric juice, with an added arginate salt to improve stability and bioavailability.

Like its predecessor, PDA has been studied primarily in preclinical models for its potential role in tissue repair, inflammation modulation, and gastrointestinal mucosal support. Research suggests it may influence angiogenesis, collagen formation, and growth-factor signaling involved in healing, with animal studies exploring applications in muscle, tendon, ligament, nerve, and gastrointestinal tissue. A 2025 pilot study evaluating intravenous BPC-157 in two human subjects reported no adverse effects on cardiac, hepatic, renal, thyroid, or glucose biomarkers, though large-scale human clinical data remain limited.

PDA is now the standard formulation dispensed by most compounding pharmacies. Its use should be approached under direct medical supervision.

Available forms: Injection, troche (lozenge), oral liquid, topical

The Wolverine protocol combines two repair-focused peptides: PDA (Pentadeca Arginate, the stabilized form of BPC-157) and TB-4 (Thymosin Beta-4, a 43-amino-acid peptide involved in cell migration and tissue regeneration). The combination is named for its association with accelerated healing.

PDA targets local tissue repair, inflammation modulation, and gut mucosal support through mechanisms including angiogenesis and collagen formation. TB-4 complements this with broader, systemic effects: it has been studied in preclinical models for its role in promoting new blood vessel growth, reducing inflammation, modulating scar tissue formation, and supporting repair in muscle, tendon, and connective tissue.

The rationale for combining these two peptides is mechanistic: PDA works primarily at the site of injury, while TB-4 supports the body's systemic repair and recovery signaling. Together, they are often used in clinical settings for patients recovering from musculoskeletal injuries, surgery, or chronic soft-tissue issues.

Semaglutide is a GLP-1 receptor agonist, and tirzepatide is a dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist. These medications help regulate appetite, improve glycemic control, and slow gastric emptying, which can support weight loss and metabolic health when used as part of a comprehensive care plan.

In the STEP-1 trial, semaglutide produced a mean weight reduction of 14.9% at 68 weeks. In the SURMOUNT-1 trial, tirzepatide produced mean weight reductions ranging from 15.0% to 20.9% at 72 weeks, depending on dose.

At NeuroPain Health, Dr. Weiner prescribes these medications as part of a metabolic health program that includes lifestyle guidance, nutritional support, and ongoing monitoring.

Available forms: Injection

GHK-Cu (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine copper) is a naturally occurring copper-binding tripeptide found in human plasma, saliva, and urine. It has been implicated in collagen and elastin synthesis, wound healing, and tissue remodeling. Circulating GHK-Cu levels decline with age — from approximately 200 ng/mL at age 20 to 80 ng/mL by age 60 — which coincides with the body's reduced capacity for skin repair and regeneration over time.

In comparative clinical skin studies, GHK-Cu was associated with greater collagen-related improvement than comparator vitamin C and retinoic acid creams. Published research also suggests that GHK-Cu may modulate inflammation and influence gene-expression pathways involved in tissue maintenance and regeneration.

Clinically, GHK-Cu is often used in skin and hair protocols aimed at supporting skin quality, scar care, and hair health.

Available forms: Troche, topical cream, hair foam, micro-needling serum

CJC-1295 and ipamorelin are growth hormone secretagogues — peptides that stimulate the body's own natural production of growth hormone (GH) rather than introducing synthetic GH directly.

In clinical research, CJC-1295 with DAC has been shown to increase mean plasma growth hormone concentrations by 2- to 10-fold for six days or longer after a single dose, with an estimated half-life of 5.8 to 8.1 days. Ipamorelin has been described as a selective GH secretagogue, with minimal ACTH and cortisol stimulation in preclinical studies — distinguishing it from older secretagogues that affected a broader range of hormones.

In clinical practice, this combination is sometimes used with the goal of supporting body composition, recovery, and sleep quality under medical supervision.

Available forms: Injection only

DSIP (Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide) is a peptide first described in the 1970s and studied for possible effects on sleep regulation.

Small, older clinical studies in chronic insomnia have reported improvements in measures such as sleep efficiency and sleep latency, but the evidence base is limited and mixed. For that reason, DSIP is best described as an investigational peptide sometimes used in carefully selected patients seeking support for sleep quality and recovery.

Available forms: Injection

MOTS-c is a 16-amino-acid mitochondrial-derived peptide encoded within mitochondrial DNA and studied for its role in metabolic regulation.

In preclinical models, MOTS-c has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity and reduce diet-induced metabolic dysfunction, with proposed effects involving AMPK activation and skeletal-muscle glucose uptake. Human clinical evidence remains early, so MOTS-c is best viewed as an emerging, investigational peptide of interest in metabolic and longevity-focused medicine.

Available forms: Injection

The field of peptide therapy continues to evolve as new compounds and applications are studied. If you’re interested in a peptide not listed above, contact our team to discuss whether it aligns with your goals, whether it’s clinically available, and whether it is appropriate for your individualized treatment plan.